昆明，一座以“春城”闻名的城市，承载着深厚的文化底蕴与独特的发展活力。今年寒假1月22日至1月27日，清华大学紫荆书院“春城绿动”实践支队赴昆明开展社会实践股票配资正规靠谱的公司，围绕“生态治理”与“城市发展”两大主题，深入一线调研、对话行业人士、探访文化地标，在行走与思考中触摸城市发展的脉搏，感悟生态文明的实践。支队分为生态小组与城市发展小组，分别围绕滇池治理与昆明城市发展展开深度调研。现将调研成果系统总结如下：
Kunming, a city renowned as the "Spring City," carries profound cultural heritage and unique development vitality. During this year's winter vacation, from January 22nd to January 27th, the "ChunChengLvDong" practice team of Tsinghua University's Zijing College went to Kunming to carry out social practice. Centering on the two themes of "ecological governance" and "urban development," they conducted in-depth frontline research, engaged in dialogues with industry professionals, visited cultural landmarks, felt the pulse of urban development through walking and thinking, and comprehended the practice of ecological civilization. The team was divided into an ecological group and an urban development group, which conducted in-depth research on Dianchi Lake governance and Kunming's urban development respectively. The research results are systematically summarized as follows:
展开剩余92%1
生态小组
Eco Group
系统治理与持续挑战——滇池生态修复的实践与思考
Systematic Governance and Ongoing Challenges — Practice and Reflections on Ecological Restoration of Dianchi Lake
滇池
生态小组以滇池为研究对象，通过走访海埂湿地公园、滇池保护治理科普馆、昆明市第七、八水质净化厂，采用现场观察、深度访谈、技术追踪与内部研讨相结合的方法，系统梳理了滇池从严重污染到系统治理的全过程，重点关注治理措施的实际效果、技术运行逻辑与社会参与机制。
The ecological team took Dianchi Lake as the research object. By visiting Haigeng Wetland Park, Dianchi Lake Protection and Governance Science Popularization Museum, and the 7th and 8th Water Purification Plants in Kunming, and using a combination of on-site observation, in-depth interviews, technical tracking, and internal discussions, they systematically sorted out the entire process of Dianchi Lake from severe pollution to systematic governance, focusing on the actual effects of governance measures, the operational logic of technologies, and the mechanism of social participation.
1
治理历程：从生态危机到系统攻坚
滇池治理史是一部反映人湖关系变迁的生动教材。支队系统回顾了其演变过程：
伤痛往事：元代松华坝等水利工程体现了早期系统治水智慧，而20世纪70年代的“围海造田”成为生态恶化的重要拐点。八九十年代伴随城镇化与工业化，滇池水质恶化至劣Ⅴ类，蓝藻暴发，生态功能濒临崩溃。
系统治理启动：自“九五”规划起，滇池治理持续纳入国家战略，形成“国家—省—市”三级联动机制。“十三五”“十四五”期间设定明确的水质目标（如2025年全湖水质达到Ⅳ类），通过“史上最严”地方排放标准倒逼末端治理单元进行技术改造，形成了目标导向的治理资源集聚模式。
2
综合治理体系的构建与运行
支队通过实地调研，构建了“空间—工程—管理—科技”四位一体的治理认知框架：
空间归还与生态修复：实地考察“四退三还”工程成效，海埂湿地公园内自然岸线恢复，58块湿地单元构成“生态滤网”，通过阶梯式净化有效削减氮、磷等污染物。精细化的植物养护（如新生水杉防护、枯萎物清理）体现了生态修复的长期性。
工程治污与基础设施：深入昆明市第七、八水质净化厂，全流程追踪污水处理工艺（粗格栅→A²/O生化池→二沉池→深度处理→紫外消毒）。该厂采用A²/O工艺实现高效脱氮除磷，为应对昆明市地方标准中将总磷排放限值从0.5mg/L降至0.05mg/L的要求，历经多轮提标改造，体现了治理标准的持续提升。
智慧管理与科技赋能：滇池综合管理信息平台初步实现“一屏管滇池”，集成实时水质监测、污染源分布与工程调度。与清华大学、中科院等机构的科研合作，为蓝藻预警、湿地优化等具体问题提供技术方案。
3
治理成效与现存挑战
成效凸显：水质从劣Ⅴ类提升至Ⅳ类，感官上异味消除、透明度提高。生物多样性显著恢复，红嘴鸥、白鹭等鸟类种群稳定，滇池金线鲃等土著鱼种重现，海菜花再次绽放。社会生态方面，市民重新亲近滇池，生态意识普遍提升。
深层挑战：
1. 经济可持续性压力：污水处理厂提标改造与高标准运行成本高昂，而污水处理费调整滞后，导致企业科研投入与新技术应用受限。
2. 技术迭代需求：现有A²/O工艺对新兴微量污染物（如药物残留、微塑料）处理能力有限，相关研究因资金与技术积累不足而进展缓慢。
3. 系统协同难题：“厂—网—湖”一体化协同不足，管网漏损、雨污混接等问题影响整体治理效能。
4. 公众参与深度有待拓展：当前公众参与多集中于宣传教育与行为规范，在知识贡献、协同决策等深层次参与机制上仍有发展空间。
4
青年视角下的建议
1. 深化源头治理与系统规划：强化流域统筹，控制农业面源污染，推进海绵城市建设，从源头上减轻末端治理压力。
2. 加强科技研发与技术创新：设立专项研究基金，聚焦新型污染物治理、生态修复关键技术、智慧预警系统等前沿方向。
3. 创新治理投融资机制：探索生态补偿、绿色债券、EOD（生态环境导向开发）等模式，增强治理工程的经济可持续性。
4. 构建立体化公众参与体系：设计湿地认养、市民水质监测体验等项目，推动公众从“旁观者”向“共建者”转变。
1
Governance Journey: From Ecological Crisis to Systematic Tackling
The history of Dianchi Lake governance is avivid textbookreflecting the changes in the relationship between humans and the lake. The detachment systematically reviewed its evolution process:
Painful past: Water conservancy projects such as the Songhuaba Dam in the Yuan Dynasty demonstrated the early wisdom of systematic water management, while the "reclaiming land from the lake" in the 1970s became an important turning point for ecological deterioration. In the 1980s and 1990s, along with urbanization and industrialization, the water quality of Dianchi Lake deteriorated to worse than Class V, cyanobacteria broke out, and its ecological functions were on the verge of collapse.
Initiation of systematic governance: Since the "Ninth Five-Year Plan", the governance of Dianchi Lake has been continuously included in the national strategy, forming a three-level linkage mechanism of "state - province - city". During the "13th Five-Year Plan" and "14th Five-Year Plan" periods, clear water quality goals were set (such as the water quality of the entire lake reaching Class IV by 2025). Through the "strictest in history" local discharge standards, terminal treatment units were forced to carry out technical transformation, forming a goal-oriented model of aggregating governance resources.
2
The Construction and Operation of a Comprehensive Governance System
Through on-site research, the detachment has constructed a four-in-one governance cognitive framework of "space-engineering-management-technology":
Space return and ecological restoration: On-site inspection of the effectiveness of the "four withdrawals and three returns" project shows that the natural coastline in Haigeng Wetland Park has been restored, and 58 wetland units form an "ecological filter", which effectively reduces pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus through stepped purification. Refined plant maintenance (such as protection of new metasequoia and cleaning of withered materials) reflects the long-term nature of ecological restoration.
Engineering pollution control and infrastructure: An in-depth visit to Kunming No. 7 and No. 8 Water Purification Plants was conducted to track the entire process of sewage treatment technology (coarse grid → A²/O biochemical pool → secondary sedimentation tank → advanced treatment → ultraviolet disinfection). The plant adopts the A²/O process to achieve efficient nitrogen and phosphorus removal. In response to the requirement in Kunming's local standards that the total phosphorus emission limit be reduced from 0.5mg/L to 0.05mg/L, it has undergone multiple rounds of upgrading and transformation, reflecting the continuous improvement of governance standards.
Intelligent management and technological empowerment: The Dianchi Lake Comprehensive Management Information Platform has initially realized "managing Dianchi Lake with one screen", integrating real-time water quality monitoring, pollution source distribution and project scheduling. Scientific research cooperation with institutions such as Tsinghua University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences provides technical solutions for specific issues such as cyanobacteria early warning and wetland optimization.
3
Governance effectiveness and existing challenges
Notable achievement: Water quality has improved from worse than Class V to Class IV; sensorially, the peculiar smell has been eliminated and transparency has increased. Biodiversity has significantly recovered: bird populations such as black-headed gulls and egrets have stabilized; native fish species like the Dianchi golden-line barbel have reappeared; and water lilies are in bloom again. In terms of social ecology, citizens have reconnected with Dianchi Lake, and ecological awareness has generally increased.
Deep-seated challenges:
1. Economic sustainability pressure: The costs of upgrading and operating sewage treatment plants to high standards are high, while the adjustment of sewage treatment fees lags behind, restricting enterprises' investment in scientific research and the application of new technologies.
2. Need for technological iteration: The existing A²/O process has limited capacity to treat emerging micro-pollutants (such as pharmaceutical residues and microplastics), and related research is progressing slowly due to insufficient funds and technical accumulation.
3. System coordination difficulties: The integration and coordination of the "plant-network-lake" system are insufficient, and problems such as pipeline leakage and mixed connection of rainwater and sewage affect the overall governance efficiency.
4.The depth of public participation needs to be expanded: Currently, public participation is mostly focused on publicity and education as well as behavioral norms, and there is still room for development in in-depth participation mechanisms such as knowledge contribution and collaborative decision-making.
4
Suggestions from the perspective of young people
1. Deepen source governance and systematic planning: Strengthen basin coordination, control agricultural non-point source pollution, promote the construction of sponge cities, and reduce the pressure on end-of-pipe treatment from the source.
2. Strengthen scientific and technological research and technological innovation: Establish special research funds, focusing on cutting-edge directions such as the treatment of new pollutants, key technologies for ecological restoration, and intelligent early warning systems.
3. Innovate governance investment and financing mechanisms: Explore models such as ecological compensation, green bonds, and EOD (Eco-environment-oriented Development) to enhance the economic sustainability of governance projects.
4. Construct a three-dimensional public participation system: Design projects such as wetland adoption and citizens' water quality monitoring experience to promote the transformation of the public from "bystanders" to "co-builders".
2
城市发展小组
Urban Development Group
多元图景与协同路径——昆明城市发展的优势、挑战与建议
Diversified Scenarios and Collaborative Paths —— Advantages, Challenges and Suggestions for Kunming's Urban Development
滇池
城市发展小组通过街头访谈、规划馆参访、古镇调研、产业考察等方法，从微观业态到宏观规划，全面梳理昆明城市发展的核心特征。
The Urban Development Group comprehensively sorted out the core characteristics of Kunming's urban development, from micro-level business formats to macro-level planning, through methods such as street interviews, visits to planning museums, research on ancient towns, and industrial inspections.
1
核心发展优势
1.生态本底优越：“春城”气候与自然景观为城市发展提供生态基础，生态保护理念融入城市规划。
2.文化资源丰富：拥有云子、乌铜走银等国家级非遗技艺，官渡古镇等历史载体，多元民族文化交融。
3. 特色产业突出：斗南花市作为亚洲最大、全球第二的花卉交易中心，构建了种植、交易、冷链物流、科技研发、文创旅游于一体的全产业链，连续27年交易量、交易额全国第一。
4城市包容性强：对街头摄影等小微业态采取柔性管理，为本土创业提供生存空间。
5. 区位优势独特：通过托管磨憨镇，昆明成为全国唯一拥有边境口岸的省会城市，形成“自贸+经开+综保+跨境合作区”政策叠加优势，打通面向南亚东南亚的开放通道。
2
关键问题与挑战
1.小微业态生存困境：街头摄影等从业者缺乏政策支持与保障，与旅游产业绑定松散，生存稳定性差。
2.城市规划落地不畅：部分规划与民生需求脱节，老城区基础设施老化与新城区配套不足并存，生态保护与城市扩张平衡难度大。
3.传统文化传承乏力：以乌铜走银为例，面临传承人断层、市场化程度低、传播范围有限等挑战，古镇过度商业化进一步挤压文化传承空间。
4.特色产业升级瓶颈：斗南花市仍以鲜切花批发为主，花卉深加工、文创产品等高附加值业态发展滞后；品牌影响力不足，国际竞争力有限；物流效率与冷链设施有待完善。
3
针对性改进建议
1.支持小微业态发展，激发城市活力
完善“柔性管理+适度规范”机制，简化从业报备流程，在网红打卡地规划专属拍摄区域。将街头摄影纳入旅游服务体系，通过官方平台推荐合规从业者，打造“城市地标摄影打卡”线路，实现小微业态与旅游产业深度融合。
2.优化城市规划实施，推动城乡协同
增强规划前期调研，广泛吸纳市民、小微从业者意见，提升规划与民生需求的适配性。建立规划落地监督与动态调整机制，重点协调生态保护与城市开发的关系。推广“村规民约+积分制”等精细化治理经验至城市社区，设立“文明经营积分”衔接政策激励。
3.强化传统文化传承，提升文化软实力
设立非遗传承专项基金，建设传承基地，推动技艺进校园、进社区。促进传统技艺与现代设计、市场需求结合，开发高附加值文创产品，利用新媒体拓展传播。以官渡古镇为核心打造非遗文旅集群，规范商业化发展，划定文化传承专属空间。
4.推动特色产业提质升级
延伸花卉产业链条，发展花卉精深加工、文创设计、体验旅游等高端业态。加强“斗南花卉”区域品牌建设，培育高端产品品牌，提升国际竞争力。完善冷链物流体系，降低花卉损耗率，加强高端品种研发，避免同质化竞争。
1
Core development advantages
1. Excellent ecological background: The "Spring City" climate and natural landscapes provide an ecological foundation for urban development, with the concept of ecological protection integrated into urban planning.
2. Rich cultural resources: It boasts national intangible cultural heritage techniques such as Yunzi (cloud chess pieces) and Wutong Zouyin (silver inlay on black copper), historical carriers like Guandu Ancient Town, and the integration of diverse ethnic cultures.
3. Prominent characteristic industries: Dounan Flower Market, as Asia's largest and the world's second-largest flower trading center, has built a complete industrial chain integrating planting, trading, cold chain logistics, scientific and technological research and development, cultural and creative tourism. It has ranked first in the country in terms of transaction volume and value for 27 consecutive years.
4. Strong urban inclusiveness: It adopts flexible management for small and micro businesses such as street photography, providing living space for local entrepreneurship.
5. Unique geographical advantages: By hosting Mohan Town, Kunming has become the only provincial capital city in the country with a border port, forming a policy superimposition advantage of "free trade zone + economic development zone + comprehensive bonded zone + cross-border cooperation zone" and opening up channels to South and Southeast Asia.
2
Key Issues and Challenges
1.Dilemma in the survival of small and micro businesses: Practitioners such as street photographers lack policy support and protection, have loose ties with the tourism industry, and face poor survival stability.
2. Poor implementation of urban planning: Some plans are disconnected from people's livelihood needs. The aging infrastructure in old urban areas coexists with insufficient supporting facilities in new urban areas, and it is difficult to balance ecological protection and urban expansion.
3. Weak inheritance of traditional culture: Take Wutong Zouyin (a traditional copper forging craft) as an example, it faces challenges such as a shortage of inheritors, low marketization, and limited dissemination scope. The excessive commercialization of ancient towns further squeezes the space for cultural inheritance.
4. Bottlenecks in the upgrading of characteristic industries: Dounan Flower Market still mainly focuses on fresh-cut flower wholesale, with the underdevelopment of high-value-added businesses such as flower deep processing and cultural and creative products; insufficient brand influence and limited international competitiveness; and the need to improve logistics efficiency and cold chain facilities.
3
Governance effectiveness and existing challenges
1. Support the development of small and micro businesses and stimulate urban vitality股票配资正规靠谱的公司
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